History in Documents and a Document in History - страница 13

Latin has always been used for papal documents and for most public and private charters, and it was used for international documents well into post-Renaissance times, until it was superseded by French as the language of diplomacy. In public and private documents, use of the vernacular alongside Latin gradually developed. Apart from its early and unique appearance in the documents of the Anglo-Saxons in England, no vernacular was used in charters before the 12th century. At the Norman Conquest (1066), use of Anglo-Saxon in English documents soon stopped, and no more vernacular was used there until some Norman French was introduced in the 13th century, and Middle English in the 15th century. There was an increasing use of the vernacular in Italian and French documents from the 12th century and in Germany from the 13th; but in medieval times Latin was never outstripped by the vernacular.

1. Answer the following questions:

1) What was ink made of?

2) What colour was ink?

3) What languages were documents written on?

4) What caused the vulgarization of Latin?

5) What documents were written in Latin?

6) In what countries was vernacular used?

2. Find the English equivalents for the following words:

средство / золотое тиснение / цвет, оттенок (3 слова) / заменить (2 слова) / выцвести / происхождение / весь / падение, крах / основание

3. Match the words on the left with their definitions on the right:

4. Make nouns from the following verbs:

5. Say what part of speech are the following words. Translate them into Russian. Make your own sentences with these words:

➢ generally _______________

➢ originally _______________

➢ occasionally _______________

➢ primarily ________________

➢ slowly ________________

➢ gradually ________________

➢ early ________________

Read the text and do the tasks after it.

A correct assessment of the hand in which it was written is vital to ascertaining the provenance and authenticity of a document. Thus, the knowledge of paleography, different styles of ancient writing, is a skill essential to diplomatics. The broad basis of such knowledge begins with acquaintance with the general styles of writing current at particular times and places. This varied with the way the pen was held; whether the writing was cursive or had the letters formed separately; whether