In this paper, there are no theories, and, consequently, no mathematical apparatus. This is understandable, because all information is provided at the level of phenomenology – a person sees and understands what he sees, so no theory or mathematical apparatus is needed. Of course, if scientists use Ivan Vasilyevich Ponomarenko's information in any way, his information will need a mathematical apparatus, but not in order to prove anything (physics is not proved by mathematics), but in order to be able to calculate what needs to be calculated. But this will not cause our theorists any difficulties, since our theorists know mathematics much better than physics.
1. A Brief analysis of existing theories of gravity
Most people believe that we, earthlings, have only two theories of gravity: "the Law of universal gravitation" and "General relativity". Moreover, the Law of universal gravitation is supposedly a special case of General relativity. And if that's the case, most people think we have the same theory. In fact, even the generally accepted theories of gravity are much more numerous, if you don't believe them, you can check Wikipedia. We will not bore you, gentlemen readers, with the disclosure of the essence of each theory, especially since all our theories of gravity are untenable. Let's just list these theories and characterize them in groups.
General relativity theory
Einstein's Theory – Cartana
Theory Bransa – Dikke
Quantum theory of gravity
String theory
Loop quantum gravity
Causal dynamic triangulation.
Here is a related group of theories of gravity, which is headed by General relativity. All the others –are rehashes of it. Almost all theories of this group postulate a four-dimensional space-time, and space itself is material, since it can bend, trace, and have a structure. (In dynamic triangulation, four-dimensionality and pseudo-Euclidean space time on macroscopic scales are not postulated in it, but are a consequence of the theory). Space in these theories, in fact, is destroyed and is matter, because the authors of these theories gave space the property of matter (flexibility). Therefore, the use in these theories of the term "space" it is only a tribute to tradition and is not legitimate. Space in these theories is postulated as a special bendable matter. All these theories of gravity also postulate that time is real (it can slow down and, consequently, accelerate). However, a highly developed civilization has established that space is not real, therefore, it has no structure and cannot bend. Similarly, time is not real, and therefore cannot be slowed down or accelerated. Time is not a physical concept at all and there is only a counter for our convenience. Time, as a physical category, does not exist.