– Wireless connection of various devices: Wi-Fi, Zigbee, RFID (Radio-Frequency Identification, Radio Frequency Identification), NFC (Near Field Communication, Near contactless communication), GPS (Global Positioning System), LPWAN, GSM networks, LTE or Bluetooth with low power consumption LiFi, Z-wave, LoRa, etc.
– wire mesh, wide area connections (3G, LTE);
– wired connections.
The development of technologies for collecting, transmitting and processing information led to the digital and industrial revolution, which was accompanied by an exponential increase in the number of devices transmitting information over the Internet. The use of automation, robotics and the introduction of such devices into people’s daily lives, and with the potential for each individual to have several devices containing microchips at once and Internet connection, led to the fact that in 2008—2009 the number of such devices exceeded the population of the Earth and further significant growth dynamics is observed. This fact should be considered the main prerequisite for the transition to the Internet of Things technology.
The main difference between the Internet of Things as a system from conventional communication systems is the ability to independently perform computing operations.
According to research, IoT technology allows you to capture and control objects remotely through the existing network infrastructure. By doing this, it creates opportunities for integrating the physical world into computer systems.
The main functions of the Internet of Things are: service, communication and informing.
IoT is based on two pillars:
– a physical environment that includes various sensors and sensors for monitoring and data collection;
– an analytical environment that allows you to make rational and effective management decisions based on the analysis of the data obtained.
In the Internet of Things, physical and virtual «objects» have the characteristics of identity, physical attributes and personification. The main role in IoT is played by devices that can collect various information and distribute it over networks to the necessary software products, as well as transmit control actions from them to devices. It is worth noting that in IoT, any communication node of the network is equal in providing its services.