In general terms, at the conceptual or descriptive level, the answers to these questions are known from classical economic theory. They are obtained with the aid of the logical method of economic theory and they are given in this book in epigraph form to the parts and the chapters. These answers represent by themselves extensive quotations from the fundamental work of Ludwig von Mises [1]. But other questions agitate us more. Where can we search for the answers in this book, and how can all these answers of classical economic theory be expressed in terms of the natural exact sciences, i.e., in mathematical language? Therefore, in the book we attempt to develop quantitative methods of calculation for economic systems, as well as their structure and dynamics, which would make it possible to speak about the further development of quantitative economic theory.
Contemporary, real, economy is a complex dynamic system. It is therefore possible and necessary to attack the problem of studying its structure and dynamics in different ways and from different points of view. Our point of view is such that we look at the economy primarily as a collection of an enormous number of reasonably thinking and actively acting people, each of them “is not only homo sapiens, but no less homo agents” [1] simultaneously. To solve their problems and achieve their goals, these people are forced to constantly make important decisions for themselves about production, purchase and sale of goods, organization of logistics and marketing, control of other people, etc. As reasonable people, they attempt to make specific decisions that would bring more benefit and a large return for their efforts. Such rational decisions can be made only on the basis of having sufficient information regarding factors that concern their interests Therefore, people are constantly searching for and processing new, relevant market information. But we never possess completely adequate information about the things interesting us in view of the time constraints at our disposal, or in view of our obviously finite mental and technical abilities. It is our deep belief that human nature, and also the nature of market economic systems, is such that all our market decisions can only be approximate. In more technical terms, they can only be of a probabilistic nature. Furthermore, according to our vision of the market economy, all economic processes and phenomena are nothing more than the result of the actions of all players in the economy. There seems to be no escaping the conclusion that all economic processes and phenomena in the market economy are, to some extent, also probabilistic by their nature. Hence, there is only one step prior to obtaining the fundamental conclusion that the market economy is not simply a complex dynamic, but that it is still probabilistic [2–5]. Therefore, in order to be able to give a sufficiently complete description of such complex probabilistic systems, adequate economic theory must also be probabilistic to a considerable extent. For this, it is necessary to incorporate into the classical economic theory the uncertainty, as well as probability at the appropriate mathematical level, i.e., to develop probabilistic economic theory adequately in relation to the contemporary economic reality. Specifically, the present study is devoted mainly to this purpose.