V. G. BELINSKY
Portrait of the artist Kirill Antonovich Gorbunov (1822-1893) – Russian portrait painter. He came from serfs, was released in 1841 due to the efforts of K. P. Bryullov, V. A. Zhukovsky, M. F. Orlov. K. A. Gorbunov was in close relations with many prominent figures of Russian culture, especially with his countryman V. G. Belinsky, who had a decisive influence on the views of the young artist. He became very famous for portraits executed in the 30-40s from nature (oil painting, watercolor, drawing, lithography) by M. Y. Lermontov, V. G. Belinsky, A. I. Herzen, M. S. Shchepkina, A.V. Koltsov, T. N. Granovsky, etc.
At that time, on the basis of the crisis of the ruling landlord-serf system and the beginning of the development of capitalism, spontaneous protest and indignation of peasants against serfdom increased, the class struggle of peasants against landlords intensified, the liberation movement against autocracy and serfdom developed. Along with the noble revolutionaries who prevailed in the liberation movement during this period, revolutionaries from different backgrounds began to play an increasingly important role in it, especially in the 40s of the 19th century. Belinsky actually became the banner of the new social forces of that time, opposing not only the serfs, but also the liberals. The Russian revolutionary democrats, led by Belinsky, defending the interests of the common people, were looking for ways and means of destroying serfdom, liberating the peasants; they sought to develop a theory that would help indicate ways to change the surrounding reality.
Belinsky closely followed the course of public life in Western Europe, warmly sympathized with the speeches of workers, artisans, urban poor of Western European countries, theoretically comprehended and generalized the experience of the revolutionary movement in the West. His worldview was formed in the struggle against the reactionary serf ideology, which found its embodiment in the theory of official nationality, against Slavophilism and the liberal ideology of Westerners. Russian Russian liberation movement and Russian materialist philosophy traditions, coming from the founders of Russian materialism – Lomonosov and Radishchev, were of paramount importance in the formation of his political views. He critically summarized the achievements of the advanced trends of Western European philosophical and socio-political thought (French enlighteners and materialists of the 18th century, Utopian socialists, Feuerbach). Critically assimilating and revising the dialectical method developed by German idealist philosophy, he mercilessly criticized the theories of Western European idealists (German idealism, O. Comte's positivism, etc.). In the 30s of the 19th century, Belinsky was a public educator, believed that the liberation of peasants from serfdom and the welfare of the people could be achieved by spreading enlightenment and the introduction of public education in Russia. In his works, he criticized the serfdom backwardness of Russia, called for the development of a new, advanced civilization in Russia, demanded the creation of industry in Russia, the construction of canals and railways. Revealing how great is the gap between the masses of the people, plunged into captivity, deprived of elementary human rights, uneducated society, Belinsky demanded the spread of education among the masses of the people, the creation of truly folk literature in Russia.