30 Must-Read Books for Psychologists - страница 9

unconscious mental processes – бессознательные психические процессы

distort or block threatening thoughts – искажать или блокировать угрожающие мысли

unacceptable thoughts and feelings – неприемлемые мысли и чувства

Repression – Вытеснение

Projection – Проекция

Rationalization – Рационализация

possess – обладать

rival for his mother’s affections – соперник за привязанность матери

self-destruction and aggression – саморазрушение и агрессия

heir – наследник

Exercise 5

Fill in the gaps with some words or phrases from the wordlist.

1. The Id is the __________, driven by the pleasure principle.

2. The Ego balances the demands of the Id with the __________.

3. The Superego is the __________, internalizing societal values.

4. Defense mechanisms are __________, which protect the Ego from anxiety.

5. Repression is the unconscious burying of __________.

6. Projection is the attribution of one’s own __________ to others.

7. The Oedipus complex is a boy’s unconscious desire to __________ his mother.

Key Ideas:

System 1 and System 2 Thinking

System 1:

Fast and automatic

Intuitive and emotional

Operates without conscious effort

Relies on heuristics (mental shortcuts) and biases

System 2:

Slow and deliberate

Rational and logical

Requires conscious effort

Used for complex tasks and decision-making

Cognitive Biases

Framing Effects: People’s decisions can be influenced by the way information is presented, even if the underlying facts are the same.

Confirmation Bias: People tend to seek out and interpret information that confirms their existing beliefs.

Availability Heuristic: People tend to judge the likelihood of an event based on how easily they can recall examples of it.

Prospect Theory

People evaluate gains and losses differently, with losses having a disproportionately greater impact on their decision-making.

This asymmetry leads to risk aversion for gains and risk seeking for losses.

Anchoring Effect

People tend to rely too heavily on the first piece of information they receive when making judgments.

This can lead to biased estimates and decisions.

Nudge Theory

Small, subtle interventions can influence people’s decisions without restricting their freedom of choice.

Nudges can be used to promote desirable behaviors, such as saving for retirement or eating healthier foods.