As a result of numerous migrations that took place over thousands of years, the tribes of Indo-Europeans, or then Aryans (ram, lamb – a totem animal of the ancient Indo-Europeans, from Latin – aries, from Greek – αρνι (pronounced: arni), Latin and Greek belong to the group of Indo-European languages), left their homeland in the Southern Urals. Some of them moved south to the lands that are now within the borders of Iran, and further to India. Others migrated to Europe, as well as to Anatolia (the territory of modern Turkey, «Anatolia», in Turkish «Antalya», comes from the Greek word for «east», this territory of Asia Minor is located to the east of Greece), as well as to the «Fertile Crescent» zone. During the glaciation and subsequent flooding of Central Asia, right up to the Mediterranean Sea, by meltwater for several millennia, the most suitable place for the emergence of ancient civilizations was the Middle East, the so-called lands of the «Fertile Crescent». But by the 4th-3rd millennia BC, it was already becoming crowded here, as the earth began to warm up, the oasis areas narrowed. Grassy deserts for nomads also narrowed, turning into sandy deserts. By this time, Central Asia was freed not only from the consequences of melting glaciers, but grass was already growing here. In the middle of the Eurasian continent, excellent conditions are formed for the emergence and development of nomadic states with elements of sedentary life. From the 3rd millennium BC to the 7th century BC, the great migration of peoples from the Middle East to Central Asia and India takes place in waves. In the Southern Urals (Chelyabinsk and Orenburg regions, Bashkortostan, Northern Kazakhstan) there is a famous archaeological culture, including dozens of similar ancient monuments, named after the most famous settlement – the Arkaim culture (after Arkaim in the Chelyabinsk region). In the Orenburg region, such a settlement was found near the village of Alandskoye in the Kvarkensky district. Alandskoye – the etymology of the village name is associated with the Russian-Swedish war of 1808—1809, it was given in honor of the victory of Russian troops in the battle for the Aland Islands in the Baltic Sea. Kvarkeno – after receiving the status of a stanitsa, the village was given the name Kvarken (Kvarkenskaya) in honor of the campaign of Russian troops in 1809 through the Kvarken Strait during the Russo-Swedish War. Arkaim is represented by a giant wheel 180 meters in diameter with two circles of powerful walls: external and internal. Particularly impressive is the five-meter-thick external wall, made of soil and having an internal gallery. A deep ditch was dug around the wall on the outside. The internal ditch is covered with a log flooring, possibly representing a storm drain. From the walls towards the central square there were dwellings. These houses were quite large: up to 20 meters long and more than 6 meters wide, where, according to experts, up to 50 people could be accommodated. In each house there were hearths, wells, pits for storing food, rooms for individual families. The floor was covered with a hard layer of lime mortar. The settlement could accommodate up to two and a half thousand people. The inhabitants had a lot of cattle, especially horses – slender, thin-legged, fast, harnessed to war chariots, these ancient «tanks» of the Eurasian steppes. The production of bronze items reached a high level of perfection. It is believed that they spread from here to very remote places.