Stage 3: Downstream refers to the third and final process of refining and distributing petroleum products. Refining is converting oil and natural gas into finished petroleum products that can be used for various reasons, such as transportation and electricity fuels, asphalt and road oils, kerosene, or raw materials for making plastic and synthetic materials. Oil refining also involves several processes depending on the desired end product. This process commonly includes distillation units, cracking, coking, reforming, and post-treatment. Distribution is the final step, where the finished petroleum products are transported and distributed to businesses, government agencies, and the general public, composed of industrial consumers, electrical providers, and heating of residential and commercial establishments, among others.
Oil and gas production is complex and involves multiple processes broken down into smaller steps. Some of the primary industry equipment and assets include tank vessels – storage tanks and gas condensers; heat exchangers – shell and tube, plate, regenerative, and adiabatic wheel heat exchangers; evaporators – natural/forced circulation, rising/falling film, climbing and a falling-film plate, multiple-effect, and agitated thin film evaporators; air coolers, towers, steel pipes, geophysical prospecting equipment, drilling and production equipment, refinery and chemical equipment, logging equipment, offshore engineering equipment, and others.
This glossary provides terms and their extended descriptions of petroleum products' extraction, processing, production stages, transportation, storage, and associated gas production. Periodicals, monographic publications, scientific and technical publications, brochures, and catalogs were used to compile the glossary. The terms are presented alphabetically in two languages, English and Ukrainian. The glossary is intended for engineering and technical workers in the oil and gas industry, translators of specialized literature, and students of higher educational institutions.
Видобуток нафти та газу – це загальний процес виробництва нафти та природного газу зі свердловин і перетворення їх на кінцеві нафтопродукти, які можуть використовувати споживачі. Видобуток нафти та газу є складним процесом, який включає в себе велику кількість процесів, розбитих на етапи. Це включає систематичні кроки, починаючи від розвідки ділянки до фактичного видобутку і навіть до розповсюдження продукції підприємствам і широкій громадськості.