Все науки. №10, 2024. Международный научный журнал - страница 14

Шрифт
Интервал


Each module is a printed circuit board (PCB) that connects to the backplane with pin sets. The backplane supplies the modules with DC voltage of +/-5 V and +/-12 V. Associated pins connect between modules to create a bus. VMEbusmodulescommunicatethroughdigital signals bussed over the back plane and data transfer occurs by direct memory access. Analog input and output may occur through the front panel using LEMO 00, ribbon, or MCX connectors. VME bus modules offer the same utility as NIM and CAMAC ones, including power supplies, discriminators, and amplifiers; however, parameters are often set through software control, allowing automated and/or remote con trol of parameters. The GUI (Graphical User Interface) software may reside on an embedded computer within a VME bus module. Interfacing with PCs occurs by means of USB, PCI, or other connections. VME bus can be extended to multicrate systems through bridge cards. Other protocols such as Ethernet connections can be used to link sub-racks into a common network or with a single PC. Overcoming the limitations and limits of traditional analog acquisition chains, new waveform digitizers have been developed [5, 6, 7, 8, 9]. They consist in many models differing in sampling frequency, resolution, number of channels, form factor, and memory size among others. In parallel with hardware development, different efforts were dedicated to developing DPP (Digital Pulse Processing) algorithms [11, 12, 13, 14]. A DPP algorithm can be installed in an FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) of the digitizer allowing online analysis and implementing new acquisition methods that go beyond the simple waveform record. Regarding to the waveform digitizers, the basic principle is to acquire the complete pulse, convert it to digital, by using a fast ADC, and then perform calculations on the digital data directly on an FPGA available on board. A dig itizer with DPP becomes thus a new instrument that represents a fully digital replacement of most traditional modules such as discriminators, S/MCA, QDC (Charge (Q) to Digital Converter), TDC (Time to Digital Converter), among others. Digitizers are available in different form factors (VME, NIM, and desk top) and represent the state-of-the-art result of all experiences collected in pulse processing and data acquisition systems.