Читать Hardware and software of the brain - Igor Volkov

Copyright (c) I. Volkov, January 5, 2017

Modern computers already surpassed complexity of the brain. What is more important, in the process of development, theoretical cybernetics elaborated numerous concepts and solutions which may be applied to living systems. The process is mutually beneficial. You explain how biological organisms operate and simultaneously get some hints about further development of machines.

The human brain is a live automatic control system. Hence it may be described in terms of modern cybernetics. It is very different from common computers, but the main concepts are applicable. A typical workable computer consists of the two main parts: hardware and software that is material and non-material halves. Accordingly, for humans we talk about the body and the soul. The term hardware is not very well suited because a half of the human body is water. Also objective phenomena behind the soul are much wider than just algorithms learned by a person. Nevertheless, the terms will be retained for compatibility.

Programmers of traditional computers know that software is heavily dependent on hardware. With the development of computer industry, large efforts were applied so as to achieve portability, but the talks is about a program which should run on 2 computers of the same type, but made by different manufacturers. It is obvious that if a different hardware has no some feature which is crucial for the program, then they are incompatible in principle. So we should begin from functional architecture of the brain, only then proceed to software which may run on this device.

Lateral – located at the side.

Medial – located in the middle.

Rostral – shifted from the centre to the head.

Caudal – shifted from the centre to the tail.

Dorsal – back (humans) or upper (animals).

Ventral – front (humans) or lower (animals).

A coronal plane dissects a structure into ventral and dorsal parts.

A sagittal plane separates the right from the left.

When you disassemble an electronic device, it usually contains several blocks which are functionally different and also well separated. They may be mounted on different printed circuit boards or even in separate boxes. There is no such separation in the brain. It is a smooth 3D mass which may be structured only by morphology, that is microstructure of nerve cells and fibers. Moreover, if you look at a cross-section of the brain, you will see almost nothing. Thin serial slices used for reconstruction are just transparent. Only after special staining that microstructure becomes visible. The next question. Suppose you have singled out some part of the brain as structurally different. Who can guarantee that it is functionally different too? If it is functionally different, is this function confined within this structure only? Such questions resulted in several systems of anatomical terminology. Different brain subdivisions may overlap and all of them have quite remote relation to functionality. Nevertheless this knowledge is crucial because without it you won't be able to understand the location of a certain point from its description in special literature.