Читать When and why did man appear? - Андрей Тихомиров

Over the past 20 years, members of the international consortium Zoonomia have deciphered the genomes of animals from various families and compared them with the human DNA sequence. Biologists report that the results of many years of research have allowed them to better understand at what stage of evolution the changes occurred that made humans out of great apes. Science has established that the fundamental difference between man and animals occurred about a million years ago in South Africa. It was based on mutational processes that led to the fact that in the areas associated with the development of the brain of the “zone of accelerated human development”, the protein packaging of DNA was rearranged. These areas of the brain of ancient human ancestors accidentally happened to be next to enhancers – amplifiers of gene activity, which became a turning point in the history of ancient people. But this accident was also a necessity that arose, in all likelihood, with the change of food used by ancient ancestors, it was the use of food cooked on fire that served as this impetus.

Africa is the place where the first hominids appeared – anthropoid creatures. Until now, science has proceeded from the fact that there were three waves of migration from Africa to the Eurasian space: 2 million years ago it was Homo erectus, half a million years ago – the ancestors of the Neanderthal, and 50 thousand years ago – our ancestors, Homo sapiens. It is now possible to add to them, at least after the analysis of hereditary material, a fourth wave. It was most likely the Denisov man (Homo altaensis). For a long time, there was no consensus among scientists about exactly where on the continent a person appeared, either in the Awash National Park in Ethiopia, or in the Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania, or in South Africa. Theories have been put forward that the ancient ancestors of people did not appear in one particular point in Africa, but arose in its different parts. Now scientists have identified the place of human formation – South Africa.

In the process of human development, an important role was played by the fact that human ancestors ate both plant and animal food, this is the period of the early Paleolithic. Such a variety of food had a huge impact on the development of the entire body of human ancestors and especially the brain. Fishing, which developed from the end of the Paleolithic, also brought new food to ancient man, containing substances important for his development. But the main thing was that the ancient man mastered the fire and began to cook on it: fry and bake meat, fish, plants. This was carried out on coals, in hot ashes, on hot stones, in pits lined with stones. These ancient forms of food preparation were preserved for a long time among some peoples of Australia and Oceania. Animals, even the higher ones, are afraid of fire and in every possible way avoid meeting with it. Therefore, fried and boiled food can be eaten only occasionally as a result of garbage or by stealing food from a person.