6. A decrease in the phosphate potential of cells under hypoxic conditions leads to qualitative and quantitative changes in the activity of hormonal systems of cascade regulation of metabolism, built on nucleotides and their derivatives (ATP, GTP, AMP, cyclo AMP, cyclo-GMP), as well as on regulatory enzymes: adenylate cyclases, guanylate cyclases and ATP-dependent protein kinases.
7. Qualitative changes in the systems of nervous regulation of metabolism: – decrease in the value of the potential of the cell membrane, leads to the problem of generation and propagation of the action potential; – a decrease in the ratio of guanine nucleotides (GTP / GDP) leads to significant problems in the synaptic transmission of a nerve impulse with the participation of G-proteins, which energetically remove a strongly bound neurotransmitter from the receptor due to the energy of GTP hydrolysis, thereby turning off the signal (solving the problem of the ratio selectivity and efficiency in the mechanism of synaptic signal transmission).
All of the above indicates hypoxia as a leading pathogenic factor in the disease of aging.
1.2. The Pathogenesis of Aging
This section discusses the sequence of events connected by a network of cause-and-effect relationships and representing the pathogenesis of the disease of aging: – hypoxia; – decrease in the rate of formation of free energy carriers (ATP and NAD(P)H); – degeneration of sensitive nerve endings of the ANS; – irreversible activation of the efferent part of the arc of the unconditioned reflex; – depletion and degeneration of the efferent part of the arc of the unconditioned reflex; – switching the regulation of cellular metabolism and adaptation from the ANS to a less efficient and slow-acting endocrine system; – loss of differentiated properties by the cells of the denervated periphery and the acquisition of the properties of undifferentiated cells – the ability to proliferate and migrate.
In local areas of organs, tissues or blood vessels, the listed stages of pathogenesis are at different stages of development, and therefore, in each organ or tissue, all stages of the pathogenesis of aging are simultaneously implemented. The main pathological consequences of each of the listed stages of pathogenesis and their manifestations in proliferative-degenerative diseases of senile age are considered.